The cube is one of a group of solid shapes known as Platonic Solids, named after the Greek philosopher Plato who first studied them. A better mathematical name is Regular Polyhedra. This group of solid shapes is defined by each face being a regular polygon (all sides and angles equal) and with each vertex (corner) having an equal arrangement and number of faces, all at equal angles. Regular Polyhedra make great dice because each face has an equal chance of being thrown as any other and can be considered as fair dice.

There are only five of these Regular Polyhedra solid shapes that meet the above criteria. Tetrahedron, Hexahedron (Cube), Octahedron, Dodecahedron, Icosahedron.

Tetrahedrons have 4 faces and each face is an equilateral triangle (all 3 sides and angles equal). It is the only Regular Polyhedra that doesn't have faces arranged in pairs, with every face having a directly opposite one at a right angle. This means there isn't a side that faces upward when it comes to rest on a flat surface. Tetrahedron dice are often marked or numbered in each corner of each triangular face and it is the 3 numbers in the upright position on 3 faces that determines the outcome of a throw.  Some tetrahedron dice are numbered centrally along each base line and are read by taking the numbers in the upright position along the base resting on a flat surface. 

Hexahedrons or Cubes, of course, have 6 square faces.

Octahedrons have 8 faces and each face is an equilateral triangle.  Opposite faces usually add up to 9.

Dodecahedrons have 12 pentagonal faces with each face having 5 equal sides with equal angles.

Icosahedrons have 20 faces and each face is an equilateral triangle.  Opposite faces usually add up to 21.

Duality

Hexahedrons/cubes have 6 faces and 8 vertices (corners) while Octahedrons have 8 faces and 6 vertices.  Dodecahedrons have 12 faces and 20 vertices while Icosahedrons have 20 faces and 12 vertices.

The converse relationship between faces and vertices is expressed as a concept known as duality. Dodecahdrons are dual with Icosahedrons. Hexahedrons/cubes are dual with Octahedrons. Tetrahedrons have 5 vertices and are dual with themselves.

If you look at the illustration below you can see that each shape's vertices intersect and protrude through the centre of their dual's faces.

Prisms And Anti-Prisms

Two more types of solid have identical vertices made of polygons - Prisms and Anti-Prisms.   There are an infinite possible number of these shapes with the top and bottom faces made up of regular polygons with any number of sides.

Prisms don't make fair dice because top and bottom faces are of a different shape and size to the rectangular ones but Prism dice have been manufactured and you may come across them from time to time.

Anti-Prisms don't make fair dice because the top and bottom faces are of a different shape and size to the triangular ones. You are unlikely to find a die of this precise shape but you are likely to find their duals - Trapezohedra (see below) and rolling log type Anti-Prisms modified with tapered ends (see dice alternatives).

Dipyramids are made of triangles arranged around either side of an equator.  They are dual to Prisms and make fair dice.  These shapes must have an even number of faces on each side of the equatorial line so one face lands face-up, so Dipyramid dice come with sides numbering 8, 12, 16, 20, 24... and so on.

The standard d8 commonly found in games retailers is a Dipyramid as well as a Regular Polyhedron.  Other Dipyramid dice are commercially manufactured with more sides and can be found.  In theory there are an infinite number of possible Dipyramid shapes.  

Trapezohedra

Similar to Dipyramids are Trapezohedra with all the same, "kite" shaped, quadrilateral faces arranged either side of an equator.  They are dual to Anti Prisms and make fair dice.  These shapes must have an odd number of faces either side of the equatorial line so one lands face-up, so Trapezohedra dice come with sides numbering 6, 10, 14, 18, 22... and so on.

The standard d10 commonly found in games retailers is a Trapezohedra and so is the Regular Polyhedron the d6 Cube.  The d10 Trapezohedra usually has odd numbers on one side of the equatorial line and even numbers on the other.  d10s are usually numbered from 0 to 9 or 00 to 90 and not starting from 1 with 0 read as 10 in many applications.  Traphezohedra with more sides are commercially manufactured and can be found.  In theory there are an infinite number of Trapezohedra shapes.     .